Reports from China have raised concerns about a surge in respiratory infections, with claims of overcrowded hospitals and overwhelmed health systems. As per the reports, this surge is likely triggered by Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV). While some social media posts describe a crisis, Chinese authorities and the World Health Organization (WHO) have not declared a state of emergency as of now.
This rise in infections is being closely monitored as it coincides with the winter season, a time when respiratory illnesses naturally peak.
What is HMPV?
Discovered in 2001, HMPV belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, the same family as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It typically causes upper and lower respiratory infections, presenting symptoms similar to a common cold or flu.
Who is at risk?
As per the Cleveland Clinic, HMPV can infect anyone, but it poses a higher risk to:
- Children under 5 years old, especially infants.
- Older adults, particularly those over 65.
- Individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD.
Symptoms of HMPV
Symptoms commonly associated with HMPV, as noted by the CDC, include:
- Cough and runny or stuffy nose.
- Fever and sore throat.
- Wheezing or shortness of breath in severe cases.
- In some instances, the infection can escalate to bronchitis, pneumonia, or asthma exacerbations.
How HMPV spreads
The virus spreads through:
- Droplets from coughing or sneezing.
- Close contact, such as touching or shaking hands.
- Contaminated surfaces, followed by touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.
As per the CDC, HMPV has a seasonal pattern, circulating in late winter and spring in temperate regions.
Prevention strategies
The CDC recommends the following steps to reduce the risk of HMPV and other respiratory illnesses:
- Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
- Avoid touching your face with unwashed hands.
- Wear masks in crowded places during outbreaks.
- Stay home when sick to prevent spreading the virus.
- Regularly clean frequently touched surfaces.
Diagnosis and testing
HMPV is diagnosed using methods highlighted by the CDC, including:
- Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) to detect viral genetic material.
- Immunofluorescence or enzyme immunoassays to identify viral antigens.
Routine testing is rare unless symptoms are severe or there’s an outbreak.
Treatment options
There is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV. As per the Cleveland Clinic, management focuses on alleviating symptoms:
- Stay hydrated and rest.
- Use over-the-counter (OTC) medications for pain, congestion, and fever.
- Severe cases may require hospitalisation for oxygen therapy or intravenous fluids.
Current perspective
Although HMPV is contributing to increased respiratory infections, it is not a new virus or an imminent pandemic threat. Seasonal surges are typical, especially as populations re-expose themselves to pathogens post-Covid-19 lockdowns.
When to seek medical attention
According to the Cleveland Clinic, contact a healthcare provider if symptoms:
- Worsen after a few days.
- Include difficulty breathing or cyanosis (bluish skin).
- Occur alongside chronic health conditions like asthma or COPD.
For most, HMPV resolves within a week, but young children, older adults, and those with underlying conditions should remain vigilant. By following preventative measures and staying informed, you can minimize the risk of severe illness.
